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A tends toward

  • 1 tends toward zero

    Универсальный англо-русский словарь > tends toward zero

  • 2 tends toward zero

    Англо-русский словарь нефтегазовой промышленности > tends toward zero

  • 3 Zionward (That moves, tends, faces, or is directed toward Zion)

    Религия: в направлении горы Сион

    Универсальный англо-русский словарь > Zionward (That moves, tends, faces, or is directed toward Zion)

  • 4 стремиться к нулю

    1) General subject: vanish
    2) Mathematics: go to zero, tend to zero
    4) Astronautics: approach zero

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > стремиться к нулю

  • 5 དམིགས་པ་

    [dmigs pa]
    objective support, basis, reference, epistemological object, observations, in reference to, tends toward, refers to, the objective pole of the intentional structure, conception, imagination, visualization, frame of reference, sense objects, noema, thematizing cognition, contemplate, insight, awareness, projecting, conceiving, object of attention, focus, devote, fancy, imagine, project, speculate, fancy, imagine, construe in one's mind, thought, idea, conception

    Tibetan-English dictionary > དམིགས་པ་

  • 6 tend

    v (ЛДП - не иметь тенденцию!) :
    1) tend to стремиться к;
    A tends toward А стремится к
    2) this would tend to mean that это наводит на мысль; это позволяет предположить
    tend to be обычно бывает (напр., длиннее, короче и т.д.)
    Research and experience show that candidates who do well on the tests and in the interview tend to do well on the job Исследования и практика свидетельствуют о том, что претенденты, успешно выдержавшие тестирование и собеседование, как правило, хорошо проявляют себя и в работе

    English-Russian dictionary of scientific and technical difficulties vocabulary > tend

  • 7 flash

    I n
    1) infml esp AmE

    It was just a flash between the time I said I'd be there and when I showed up — Не прошло и минуты с того момента, когда я сказал, что буду там, и временем, когда я там появился

    2) infml esp AmE

    After we talked a while a flash hit me — После того, как мы немного поговорили, меня вдруг осенило

    3) AmE infml
    4) AmE infml

    Behind the glass there was expensive flash that no one was going to win — За стеклом стояли дорогостоящие красочно оформленные призы, которые вряд ли кто выиграет

    5) AmE infml

    Here, have a flash — На, глотни

    6) sl

    He was waiting for the flash to hit him — Он ждал, когда у него наступит кайф от наркотика

    7) AmE sl

    The guy was having flashes for a month after he took the stuff — У парня наблюдались галлюцинации еще целый месяц после того, как он принял ЛСД

    8) AmE sl
    9) AmE sl
    10) AmE sl

    That was an introduction to his flash. Flash is in the clothes, the walk, the talk — Это было знакомство с его сугубо индивидуальным стилем. Он может проявляться в манере одеваться, ходить, говорить

    He gave her a flash and she squawked — Он показал ей свой член, и она на него нажаловалась

    II vi sl
    1)

    As soon as the needle went in she flashed — Как только игла вонзилась в вену, она сразу же почувствовала кайф

    2) vulg

    She's a sick person, she's got a morbid tendency to flash — Она больной человек с болезненной наклонностью показывать свои половые органы

    III vt

    You'd better not flash a wad like that around here. You won't have it long — Не надо показывать, сколько у тебя денег, а то не дай бог уведут

    3) sl

    He flashed he was as big as a mountain — В его галлюцинациях ему чудилось, что он вырос до размеров горы

    When the landlady of the house flashed her plump breasts to him, the guy gave an involuntary gasp — Когда хозяйка дома на секунду показала парню свои полные груди, тот чуть не потерял дар речи

    Judy thought she was gonna flash me. She started unbuttoning her blouse — Джуди подумала, что пора показать мне свои прелести. Она начала расстегивать свою блузку

    IV adj infml

    That's a very flash car. Where did you get it? — Какая шикарная машина! Где ты ее достал?

    The new dictionary of modern spoken language > flash

  • 8 tend

    стремиться, тяготеть
    1) a dissonance tends toward a consonance — диссонанс стремится ( тяготеет) к консонансу

    English-Russian dictionary of musical terminology > tend

  • 9 neigen

    I v/t bend, incline förm.; (niederbeugen) bow (down); (kippen) tilt, tip
    II v/refl bend, lean; Ebene: slant; Boden: slope; (sich verbeugen) bow
    III v/i: neigen zu fig. tend to (+ Inf.), have a tendency to (+ Inf.) ( oder toward(s) [+ Ger.] oder s.th.); (anfällig sein) be susceptible to s.th., be prone to s.th. (oder + Inf., + Ger.); zu Unfällen neigen be accident-prone; zum Kommunismus etc. neigen have communist etc. leanings; er neigt zu Übertreibungen he tends to exaggerate; ich neige zu der Ansicht, dass... I’m inclined to think (that)..., I rather think (that)...; geneigt
    * * *
    to tend; to incline; to tilt; to trend; to stoop;
    sich neigen
    to slope down; to dip; to verge
    * * *
    nei|gen ['naign]
    1. vt
    (= beugen) Kopf, Körper to bend; (zum Gruß) to bow; (= kippen) Behälter, Glas to tip, to tilt, to incline

    die Bäume néígen ihre Zweige bis zur Erde (geh) — the trees bow their branches to the ground

    2. vr
    (Ebene) to slope, to incline; (Mensch) to bend; (liter = sich verneigen) to bow; (unter Last Bäume etc) to bow, to bend; (Gebäude etc) to lean; (= kippen) to tip (up), to tilt (up); (Schiff) to list; (liter Tag, Leben) to draw to a close or an end

    sich nach vorne/nach hinten/zur Seite néígen (Mensch) — to lean or bend forward/backwards/to one side

    mit seitwärtsgeneigtem Kopf — with his/her head held on or to one side

    die Waagschale neigt sich zu seinen Gunsten (geh) — the scales are tipping or the tide is turning in his favour (Brit) or favor (US)

    3. vi

    zu etw néígen — to tend toward(s) sth, to have a tendency toward(s) sth

    er neigt zum Alkohol — he has a tendency to drink

    er neigt zum Sozialismus — he tends or leans toward(s) socialism, he has socialist leanings

    zu der Ansicht or Annahme néígen, dass... — to tend or lean toward(s) the view that..., to be inclined to take the view that...

    See:
    → auch geneigt
    * * *
    (to bow (one's head etc).) incline
    * * *
    nei·gen
    [ˈnaign̩]
    I. vr
    ▪ sich akk zu jdm \neigen to lean over to sb
    sich akk nach hinten/vorne/rechts/links/zur Seite \neigen to lean backwards/forwards/to the right/left/side
    2. (schräg abfallen)
    ▪ etw neigt sich sth slopes [or inclines
    3. (geh: sich niederbeugen) to bow down
    die Tannenzweige neigten sich [tief] zur Erde the pine branches bowed [low] to the ground
    ▪ sich akk \neigen to tilt
    II. vt
    ▪ etw \neigen to bend sth
    den Oberkörper leicht nach vorne geneigt his/her torso [or upper body] slightly bent forwards
    2. (geh: kippen)
    ▪ etw \neigen to tilt sth
    III. vi
    1. (anfällig für etw sein)
    ▪ zu etw dat \neigen to be prone [or susceptible] to sth
    ▪ zu etw dat \neigen to tend [or have a tendency] to sth
    du neigst zu Übertreibungen you tend to exaggerate
    ▪ dazu \neigen, etw zu tun to be inclined [or tend] [or have a tendency] to do sth
    ich neige zu der Ansicht, dass... I tend [or lean] towards the view that...
    * * *
    1.
    transitives Verb tip, tilt <bottle, glass, barrel, etc.>; incline <head, upper part of body>
    2.
    1) < person> lean, bend; < ship> heel over, list; < scales> tip
    2) (schräg abfallen) < meadows> slope down
    3) (geh.): (zu Ende gehen) <day, year, holiday> draw to its close
    3.
    1)

    zu Erkältungen neigen — be susceptible or prone to colds

    zur Korpulenz/Schwermut neigen — have a tendency to put on weight/tend to be melancholy

    2) (tendieren) tend

    zu der Ansicht neigen, dass... — tend towards the view that...

    * * *
    A. v/t bend, incline form; (niederbeugen) bow (down); (kippen) tilt, tip
    B. v/r bend, lean; Ebene: slant; Boden: slope; (sich verbeugen) bow
    C. v/i:
    neigen zu fig tend to (+inf), have a tendency to (+inf) ( oder toward(s) [+ger] oder sth); (anfällig sein) be susceptible to sth, be prone to sth (oder +inf, +ger);
    zu Unfällen neigen be accident-prone;
    neigen have communist etc leanings;
    er neigt zu Übertreibungen he tends to exaggerate;
    ich neige zu der Ansicht, dass … I’m inclined to think (that) …, I rather think (that) …; → geneigt
    * * *
    1.
    transitives Verb tip, tilt <bottle, glass, barrel, etc.>; incline <head, upper part of body>
    2.
    1) < person> lean, bend; < ship> heel over, list; < scales> tip
    2) (schräg abfallen) < meadows> slope down
    3) (geh.): (zu Ende gehen) <day, year, holiday> draw to its close
    3.
    1)

    zu Erkältungen neigen — be susceptible or prone to colds

    zur Korpulenz/Schwermut neigen — have a tendency to put on weight/tend to be melancholy

    2) (tendieren) tend

    zu der Ansicht neigen, dass... — tend towards the view that...

    * * *
    v.
    to incline v.

    Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > neigen

  • 10 tend

    I intransitive verb

    tend to do something — dazu neigen od. tendieren, etwas zu tun

    it tends to get quite cold there at nights — es wird dort nachts oft sehr kalt

    he tends to get upset if... — er regt sich leicht auf, wenn...

    this tends to suggest that... — dies deutet darauf hin, dass...

    II transitive verb
    sich kümmern um; hüten [Schafe]; bedienen [Maschine]
    * * *
    I [tend] verb
    (to take care of; to look after: A shepherd tends his sheep.) sich kümmern um,hüten
    - academic.ru/74034/tender">tender
    II [tend] verb
    1) (to be likely (to do something); to do (something) frequently: Plants tend to die in hot weather; He tends to get angry.) neigen zu
    2) (to move, lean or slope in a certain direction: This bicycle tends to(wards) the left.) streben
    •
    * * *
    tend1
    [tend]
    vi
    1. (be directed towards) tendieren
    to \tend downwards eine Tendenz nach unten aufweisen
    2. (incline)
    ▪ to \tend to [or towards] sth zu etw dat neigen [o tendieren]
    I \tend to think he's right ich bin dazu geneigt, ihm Recht zu geben
    tend2
    [tend]
    I. vi
    ▪ to \tend to sb/sth sich akk um jdn/etw kümmern
    II. vt
    ▪ to \tend sb/sth sich akk um jdn/etw kümmern, jdn/etw pflegen
    to \tend sheep Schafe hüten
    to \tend a road accident victim dem Opfer eines Verkehrsunfalls Hilfe leisten
    * * *
    I [tend]
    vt
    sich kümmern um; sheep hüten; sick person pflegen; land bestellen; machine bedienen II
    vi
    1)

    I tend to believe him — ich neige or tendiere dazu, ihm zu glauben

    that would tend to suggest that... — das würde gewissermaßen darauf hindeuten, dass...

    2)

    his opinion is tending in our direction — seine Meinung tendiert in unsere Richtung

    * * *
    tend1 [tend] v/i
    1. sich bewegen, streben (to, toward[s] nach, auf … akk zu):
    tend from wegstreben von
    2. fig
    a) tendieren, neigen ( beide:
    to, toward[s] zu)
    b) dazu neigen ( to do zu tun):
    I tend to think that … ich neige zu der Ansicht, dass …
    3. fig
    a) führen, beitragen ( to sth zu etwas)
    b) dazu beitragen ( to do zu tun)
    c) hinauslaufen (to auf akk)
    4. SCHIFF schwoien
    tend2 [tend]
    A v/t
    1. TECH eine Maschine etc bedienen
    2. sorgen für, sich kümmern um, nach jemandem sehen:
    tend a patient einen Kranken pflegen;
    tend a flock eine Herde hüten
    3. obs als Diener begleiten
    4. obs achten auf (akk)
    B v/i
    1. aufwarten (on, upon dat)
    2. tend to bes US umg achtgeben auf (akk)
    * * *
    I intransitive verb

    tend to do something — dazu neigen od. tendieren, etwas zu tun

    he tends to get upset if... — er regt sich leicht auf, wenn...

    this tends to suggest that... — dies deutet darauf hin, dass...

    II transitive verb
    sich kümmern um; hüten [Schafe]; bedienen [Maschine]
    * * *
    v.
    abzielen v.

    English-german dictionary > tend

  • 11 tend

    I 1. III
    1) tend smb. tend the sick (the wounded, a child, an invalid, etc.) ухаживать /присматривать, ходить/ за больными и т.д.; she tended the baby она нянчила ребенка
    2) tend smth., smb. tend a /the/ fire поддерживать огонь; we hired a boy to tend the furnace мы наняли мальчика следить за топкой; tend a machine обслуживать машину; tend [а flock of] sheep пасти [стадо] овец
    3) tend smth. usually USA tend shop (store) вести дела в лавке (магазине)
    2. XVI II 1. I
    where do these plans tend? на что направлены эти планы?
    2. II
    1) prices are tending upwards цены ползут вверх
    3. III 4. XIII
    tend to do smth. tend to overturn (to shrink, to undermine morality, to improve working conditions, to settle nothing, to unite, to pitch the ball too high, to accept the truth eagerly, etc.) иметь тенденцию переворачиваться и т.д.; the situation tends to become less acute положение [дел], видимо, станет менее напряженным; а starchy diet tends to make one fat пища, содержащая крахмал, способствует полноте; the sky tended to become darker небо становилось все темнее; he tends to be lazy (to be cruel, to be sad, to become tedious, etc.) он склонен к лени и т.д.; too much smoking tends to injure the voice злоупотребление курением может плохо отразиться на голосе; she tends to exaggerate her achievements она склонна преувеличивать свои достижения /успехи/
    5. XVI
    1) tend to /toward/ smth. tend to the same conclusion (towards centralization, towards selfishness, towards socialism, towards conservatism, etc.) склоняться к тому же выводу и т.д.; he tends to cruelty он склонен /имеет склонность/ к жестокости; tend to the success of an enterprise (to improved working conditions, to smb.'s benefit, to smb.'s vindication, etc.) приводить к /способствовать/ успеху предприятия и т.д.; it tends rather to confusion than to clearness это ведет скорее к путанице, чем к ясности; blue tending to green голубизна, переходящая в зеленый цвет; these portraits tend toward caricature эти портреты похожи на карикатуру
    2) tend to /towards/ smth. tend to the beach (towards the coast, etc.) идти /вести/ к пляжу и т.д.; the coastline tends to the south here береговая линия здесь идет /направляется/ на юг; tend in some direction tend in our direction направляться к нам, идти в нашем направлении; tend in the direction of the town идти /вести/ к городу

    English-Russian dictionary of verb phrases > tend

  • 12 tendencia

    f.
    1 tendency.
    tener tendencia a hacer algo to have a tendency to do something
    tendencia a la depresión tendency to get depressed
    2 trend (corriente).
    las últimas tendencias de la moda the latest fashion trends
    3 bias.
    * * *
    1 (inclinación) tendency, inclination, predisposition, leaning; (movimiento) trend
    \
    tener tendencia a hacer algo to tend to do something, have a tendency to do something
    * * *
    noun f.
    * * *
    SF tendency, trend

    la tendencia hacia el socialismo — the tendency o trend towards socialism

    tengo tendencia a engordar — I have a tendency o I tend to put on weight

    tendencia al alza, tendencia alcista — upward trend

    tendencia imperante — dominant trend, prevailing tendency

    * * *
    femenino tendency

    tendencia a la baja/al alza — downward/upward trend

    tendencia a + inf — tendency to + inf

    * * *
    = bias [biases, -pl.], penchant, push towards, stream, tendency, tide, trend, strand, push, streak, leaning, stripe.
    Ex. The place of publication may also warn of biases in approach or differences in terminology that arise in the text.
    Ex. Our penchant to organize is perhaps as close to a biological imperative as any form of human behavior is likely to come.
    Ex. In the frenetic push towards international cooperation among research libraries, the library needs of the nonscholar are easily overlooked.
    Ex. If no such standards can be observed then, it would seem, romantic fiction along with westerns and detective stories must be regarded as some sort of cul-de-sac and rather stagnant backwater quite separate from the main stream of 'literature'.
    Ex. In this case we find a tendency to ignore the author's identity as found in the document, and to prefer instead a real name to a pseudonym.
    Ex. What has happened is that yet another institution has so overlapped with our own that we are being swept along on the tide of the technological revolution.
    Ex. Current trends favour cataloguing practices which can be applied to a variety of library materials.
    Ex. This article gives a brief history of the two main strands in the development of bibliotherapy, or healing through books, in the USA.
    Ex. The key issue to note here is that the global push to describe and document Indigenous knowledge is gaining momentum.
    Ex. The secret of his success is an obsessive streak in his personality combined with business aggression.
    Ex. Finally, this new philosophy did not conflict with the librarian's elitist leanings.
    Ex. The field of computational linguistics is exciting insomuch as it permits linguists of different stripes to model language behaviour.
    ----
    * análisis de tendencias = trend analysis.
    * de acuerdo con la tendencia hacia = in the trend towards.
    * de tendencia socialista = socialistic.
    * en la tendencia principal de = in the mainstream of.
    * existir la tendencia a = there + be + a tendency (to/for).
    * informe de tendencias = trends report.
    * proyección de tendencias = trend projection.
    * tendencia actual = current trend.
    * tendencia alcista = bouyancy.
    * tendencia al olvido = forgetfulness.
    * tendencia de agrupamiento = clustering tendency.
    * tendencia de clustering = clustering tendency.
    * tendencia de la época, la = trend of the times, the.
    * tendencia demográfica = population trend.
    * tendencia inflacionista = inflationary spiral, inflationary trend, deflationary spiral.
    * tendencia natural = in-built tendency.
    * tendencia opuesta = countertendency.
    * tendencia social = social trend, social trend.
    * tener una tendencia hacia = have + a tendency to.
    * * *
    femenino tendency

    tendencia a la baja/al alza — downward/upward trend

    tendencia a + inf — tendency to + inf

    * * *
    = bias [biases, -pl.], penchant, push towards, stream, tendency, tide, trend, strand, push, streak, leaning, stripe.

    Ex: The place of publication may also warn of biases in approach or differences in terminology that arise in the text.

    Ex: Our penchant to organize is perhaps as close to a biological imperative as any form of human behavior is likely to come.
    Ex: In the frenetic push towards international cooperation among research libraries, the library needs of the nonscholar are easily overlooked.
    Ex: If no such standards can be observed then, it would seem, romantic fiction along with westerns and detective stories must be regarded as some sort of cul-de-sac and rather stagnant backwater quite separate from the main stream of 'literature'.
    Ex: In this case we find a tendency to ignore the author's identity as found in the document, and to prefer instead a real name to a pseudonym.
    Ex: What has happened is that yet another institution has so overlapped with our own that we are being swept along on the tide of the technological revolution.
    Ex: Current trends favour cataloguing practices which can be applied to a variety of library materials.
    Ex: This article gives a brief history of the two main strands in the development of bibliotherapy, or healing through books, in the USA.
    Ex: The key issue to note here is that the global push to describe and document Indigenous knowledge is gaining momentum.
    Ex: The secret of his success is an obsessive streak in his personality combined with business aggression.
    Ex: Finally, this new philosophy did not conflict with the librarian's elitist leanings.
    Ex: The field of computational linguistics is exciting insomuch as it permits linguists of different stripes to model language behaviour.
    * análisis de tendencias = trend analysis.
    * de acuerdo con la tendencia hacia = in the trend towards.
    * de tendencia socialista = socialistic.
    * en la tendencia principal de = in the mainstream of.
    * existir la tendencia a = there + be + a tendency (to/for).
    * informe de tendencias = trends report.
    * proyección de tendencias = trend projection.
    * tendencia actual = current trend.
    * tendencia alcista = bouyancy.
    * tendencia al olvido = forgetfulness.
    * tendencia de agrupamiento = clustering tendency.
    * tendencia de clustering = clustering tendency.
    * tendencia de la época, la = trend of the times, the.
    * tendencia demográfica = population trend.
    * tendencia inflacionista = inflationary spiral, inflationary trend, deflationary spiral.
    * tendencia natural = in-built tendency.
    * tendencia opuesta = countertendency.
    * tendencia social = social trend, social trend.
    * tener una tendencia hacia = have + a tendency to.

    * * *
    tendency
    sus tendencias homosexuales his homosexual tendencies o leanings
    un grupo de tendencia marxista a group with Marxist tendencies o leanings
    para frenar esta tendencia expansiva to slow down this tendency o trend toward(s) expansion
    tendencia A algo trend TOWARD(S) sth
    tendencia a la baja/al alza downward/upward trend
    tendencia A + INF tendency to + INF
    tiene tendencia a exagerar she has a tendency to exaggerate, she tends to exaggerate
    * * *

     

    tendencia sustantivo femenino
    tendency;
    ◊ tendencias homosexuales homosexual tendencies o leanings;

    tendencia a algo trend toward(s) sth;
    tiene tendencia a exagerar she has a tendency to exaggerate;
    existe una tendencia a la centralización there is a trend toward centralization
    tendencia sustantivo femenino
    1 (propensión) tendency: tiene tendencia a sentirse culpable, he is prone to feeling guilty
    2 Pol tendency, leaning
    3 (del mercado, moda, etc) trend

    ' tendencia' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    corriente
    - frenar
    - imperante
    - inclinarse
    - malicia
    - novelera
    - novelero
    - orientación
    - rumbo
    - alcista
    - ascendente
    - baja
    - contener
    - cuenta
    - dictar
    - dominante
    - dominar
    - golpista
    - inclinación
    - pronunciado
    - tónica
    English:
    bent
    - bias
    - buoyancy
    - counter
    - craze
    - dispose to
    - downward
    - inclination
    - incline
    - inclined
    - movement
    - propensity
    - run
    - self-destructiveness
    - strand
    - tend
    - tendency
    - thievishness
    - trend
    - liable
    - orientation
    - sulky
    * * *
    1. [inclinación] tendency;
    un diario de marcada tendencia conservadora a very conservative newspaper;
    tener tendencia a hacer algo to tend o have a tendency to do sth;
    tiene tendencia a meterse en líos she tends to get herself into trouble;
    tiene tendencia a la depresión he has a tendency to depression
    2. [corriente] trend;
    las últimas tendencias de la moda the latest fashion trends;
    hay tendencias reformistas dentro del partido there are reformist tendencies within the party;
    tendencia al alza/a la baja upward/downward trend
    Econ tendencias del mercado market trends
    * * *
    f
    1 tendency;
    tener tendencia a have a tendency to
    2 ( corriente) trend;
    tendencia al alza/a la baja upward/downward trend
    * * *
    1) propensión: tendency, inclination
    2) : trend
    * * *
    1. (en general) tendency [pl. tendencies]
    2. (de moda) trend

    Spanish-English dictionary > tendencia

  • 13 tend

    1. v ухаживать, заботиться, присматривать; ходить
    2. v стеречь
    3. v заниматься
    4. v уст. уделять внимание; следить, смотреть

    to tend to business — смотреть за делами, вести дела

    5. v управлять, стоять во главе

    to tend store — вести дела магазина, управлять магазином

    6. v прислуживать
    7. v диал. обслуживать, служить
    8. v диал. амер. присутствовать
    9. v уст. ждать, ожидать; дожидаться
    10. v иметь тенденцию; клониться

    it tends to become cold — дело идёт к похолоданию; вероятно, похолодает

    11. v иметь склонность, быть склонным
    12. v иметь свойство

    woolens that tend to shrink — шерстяные изделия, которые садятся

    13. v иметь в себе элементы
    14. v направляться
    15. v идти, вести
    16. v мор. перемещаться по ветру или течению
    17. v мат. стремиться
    Синонимический ряд:
    1. be inclined (verb) be apt to; be disposed; be in the habit of; be inclined; be wont to; gravitate toward; have a tendency; incline towards
    2. care for (verb) administer to; attend; attend to; care for; guard; keep; look after; manage; mind; minister to; protect; see to; sit with; take care of; watch; watch over
    3. contribute (verb) conduce; contribute; redound
    4. lean (verb) be predisposed; incline; lean; look; slant; squint toward; trend
    5. work (verb) cultivate; culture; dress; till; work
    Антонимический ряд:

    English-Russian base dictionary > tend

  • 14 propensión

    f.
    1 tendency, inclination, propensity, predisposition.
    2 addictedness.
    * * *
    1 inclination, tendency
    * * *
    noun f.
    * * *
    SF inclination, tendency (a to)
    (Med) tendency
    * * *
    femenino tendency, leaning, leanings (pl)

    propensión A + INF — tendency to + inf

    * * *
    = propensity, predisposition, proclivity, inclination, bent of mind.
    Ex. When this book was published in Great Britain, there was a propensity for alliteration.
    Ex. This article explores information predisposition and considers other predisposing factors.
    Ex. What one might call 'fetishistic bibliomania' is a disease -- and few serious book-readers, let alone librarians, are free from a squirrel-like proclivity to hoard books.
    Ex. These are less tangible, more dependent upon personal motivation and inclination, and not amenable to enforcement through institutional policies.
    Ex. Only when students have a scientific bent of mind, will a community and a country grow.
    * * *
    femenino tendency, leaning, leanings (pl)

    propensión A + INF — tendency to + inf

    * * *
    = propensity, predisposition, proclivity, inclination, bent of mind.

    Ex: When this book was published in Great Britain, there was a propensity for alliteration.

    Ex: This article explores information predisposition and considers other predisposing factors.
    Ex: What one might call 'fetishistic bibliomania' is a disease -- and few serious book-readers, let alone librarians, are free from a squirrel-like proclivity to hoard books.
    Ex: These are less tangible, more dependent upon personal motivation and inclination, and not amenable to enforcement through institutional policies.
    Ex: Only when students have a scientific bent of mind, will a community and a country grow.

    * * *
    tendency, leaning, leanings (pl)
    un estilo de clara propensión impresionista ( frml); a style that shows strong impressionist tendencies o leanings
    la propensión del hombre a la maldad man's tendency toward(s) o propensity for o inclination toward(s) evil
    personas que tienen propensión a este tipo de accidente people who are prone to accidents of this kind
    propensión A + INF tendency to + INF
    tiene propensión a engordar he has a tendency to put on weight, he tends to put on weight
    tiene gran propensión a resfriarse he tends to catch a lot of colds, he is very prone to colds
    * * *

    propensión sustantivo femenino tendency
    ' propensión' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    tendencia
    English:
    proclivity
    - proneness
    - propensity
    - thievishness
    - disposed
    - tendency
    * * *
    propensity, tendency;
    tiene propensión a resfriarse she's prone to catching colds;
    tiene cierta propensión a creer en milagros he's inclined to believe in miracles;
    un niño con propensión a encerrarse en sí mismo a boy with a tendency to retreat into himself;
    los fumadores tienen mayor propensión a desarrollar determinadas enfermedades smokers show a greater tendency to develop certain diseases
    * * *
    f tendency (a to);
    tiene propensión a la gripe he tends to catch flu easily
    * * *
    propensión nf, pl - siones inclinación: inclination, propensity

    Spanish-English dictionary > propensión

  • 15 tendre

    I.
    tendre1 [tɑ̃dʀ]
    ➭ TABLE 41
    1. transitive verb
       a. [+ corde, câble] to tighten ; [+ muscles] to tense ; [+ tissu] (en le tirant) to stretch ; [+ piège] to set
       b. ( = suspendre) [+ tapisserie, tenture] to hang
       c. ( = présenter) tendre qch à qn to hold sth out to sb
    • tendre la main (pour attraper, mendier) to hold out one's hand
    2. intransitive verb
    • tendre à qch/à faire qch ( = avoir tendance à) to tend towards sth/to do sth ; ( = viser à) to aim at sth/to do sth
    • cela tend à confirmer que... this tends to confirm that...
    3. reflexive verb
    ► se tendre [corde] to become taut ; [rapports] to become strained
    II.
    tendre2 [tɑ̃dʀ]
    1. adjective
       a. [peau, pierre, bois] soft ; [haricots, viande] tender
       b. ( = affectueux) tender ; [ami, amitié] loving
       c. ( = cher) dear
       d. [couleur] soft
    2. masculine noun, feminine noun
    • en affaires, ce n'est pas un tendre (inf) he's a tough businessman
    * * *

    I
    1. tɑ̃dʀ
    1) ( étirer) to tighten [corde, fil, câble]; to stretch [élastique, peau]; to extend [ressort]

    tendre les bras — ( allonger) to hold out one's arms; ( étirer) to stretch one's arms out

    tendre le bras — (pour saisir, donner) to reach out

    tendre le bras à quelqu'un — ( pour soutenir) to offer ou give one's arm to somebody

    tendre les bras à or vers quelqu'un — ( pour accueillir) to greet ou welcome somebody with open arms

    la victoire me tend les bras — fig victory beckons

    tendre la main — (pour saisir, donner) to reach out; (pour mendier, serrer la main à quelqu'un) to hold out one's hand

    tendre la main à quelqu'un — ( pour aider) lit to hold one's hand out to somebody; fig to lend somebody a helping hand

    tendre la joue — lit to offer one's cheek

    2) ( déployer) to spread [toile, drap] ( sur over)
    3) ( disposer) to set [piège]; to put up [fil à linge, filet]

    tendre un piège à quelqu'un — fig to set a trap for somebody

    4) ( tapisser)

    tendre une cigarette/du feu à quelqu'un — to offer somebody a cigarette/a light


    2.
    tendre à verbe transitif indirect
    1) ( viser à)

    3.
    verbe intransitif

    tendre vers — to approach [valeur, chiffre]; to tend to [zéro, infini]


    4.
    se tendre verbe pronominal ( devenir tendu) to tighten; ( devenir conflictuel) to become strained

    II
    1. tɑ̃dʀ
    1) ( non dur) [roche, bois, fibre] soft; [chair, peau, légumes] tender
    2) ( jeune) [pousse, herbe] new
    3) ( pâle) [rose, vert, bleu] soft
    4) ( affectueux) [personne] loving; [amour, sourire, paroles] tender; [tempérament] gentle

    être tendre avec quelqu'un — ( affectueux) to be loving toward(s) somebody

    ne pas être tendre avec quelqu'un/quelque chose — to be hard on somebody/something

    5) ( cher) [ami, époux] dear

    2.
    nom masculin et féminin soft-hearted person
    * * *

    I tɑ̃dʀ adj
    1) (viande, légumes) tender
    2) (bois, roche, couleur) soft
    3) (personne) tender, loving

    II tɑ̃dʀ
    1. vt
    1) [élastique, corde] to stretch, to draw tight, [voile] to set, [muscle] to tense

    Ils ont tendu une corde entre deux arbres. — They stretched out a rope between two trees.

    tendre le bras — to stretch out one's arm, to reach out

    Il lui a tendu les clés. — He held out the keys to her.

    Elle me tendit la boîte de chocolates. — She held out the box of chocolates to me.

    4) (= disposer) [filets] to set up, [hamac] to sling

    tendu de soie — hung with silk, with silk hangings

    2. vi
    (= avoir tendance)
    * * *
    tendre verb table: rendre
    A adj
    1 ( non dur) [roche, bois, fibre] soft; [chair, peau, viande, légumes] tender;
    2 ( jeune) [pousse, herbe, bourgeon] new; une tendre jeune fille a sweet young girl; tendre enfance/jeunesse earliest childhood/youth;
    3 ( pâle) [rose, vert, bleu] soft; des chaussettes vert tendre pale green socks;
    4 ( affectueux) [personne] loving; [baisers, amour, sourire, paroles] tender; [humour, tempérament] gentle; un cœur tendre a loving heart; c'est un dur au cœur tendre beneath his tough exterior he's got a soft heart; s'aimer d'amour tendre to love each other tenderly; poser un regard tendre sur qn to look tenderly ou fondly at sb; être tendre avec qn ( affectueux) to be loving toward(s) sb; ( indulgent) to show leniency toward(s) sb; ne pas être tendre avec or envers or pour qn/qch to be hard on sb/sth; les critiques n'ont pas été tendres avec lui/ton roman the critics have been hard on him/your novel; leurs propos ne sont pas tendres pour le régime they have some harsh words to say about the regime;
    5 ( cher) [époux, ami, compagne] dear; ma chère et tendre épouse my dearest wife.
    B nmf soft-hearted person; c'est un grand tendre he's very soft-hearted.
    C vtr
    1 ( étirer) to tighten [corde, fil, câble]; to stretch [élastique, peau]; to extend [ressort]; tendre la peau d'un tam-tam to stretch hide over the end of a tom-tom; tendre le cou to crane one's neck; tendre les bras ( allonger) to hold out one's arms; ( étirer) to stretch one's arms out; jambes et pointes de pied tendues legs straight and toes pointed; tendre le bras ( pour faire signe) to put out one's arm; (pour saisir, donner) to reach out; le sel est devant toi, tu n'as qu'à tendre le bras the salt's right in front of you, just reach out and get it; tendre le bras à qn ( pour soutenir) to offer ou give one's arm to sb; tendre les bras à or vers qn ( pour accueillir) to greet ou welcome sb with open arms; la victoire/mon lit me tend les bras fig victory/my bed beckons; tendre la main ( pour montrer) to point; (pour saisir, donner) to reach out; (pour mendier, serrer la main à qn) to hold out one's hand; la politique de la main tendue policy of openness; tendre la main à qn ( pour aider) lit to hold one 's hand out to sb; fig to lend ou give sb a helping hand; tendre la bouche or les lèvres to offer one' s lips for a kiss; tendre le dos fig to brace oneself; tendre la joue lit to offer one's cheek; tendre l'autre joue Bible to turn the other cheek;
    2 ( déployer) to spread [toile, bâche, drap] (sur qch over sth);
    3 ( disposer) to set [piège, collet, souricière]; to put up [fil à linge]; tendre un filet lit to put up a net; tendre un piège or un filet à qn fig to set a trap for sb;
    4 ( tapisser) tendre un mur/une cloison/un plafond de tissu to hang a wall/a partition/a ceiling with cloth; corridor/bureau tendu de toile de jute corridor/office hung with hessian;
    5 ( présenter) tendre qch à qn to hold sth out to sb; tendre un crayon/livre à qn to hold a pencil/book out to sb; tendre une cigarette/du feu à qn to offer sb a cigarette/a light.
    D tendre à vtr ind
    1 ( viser à) tendre à un but/un idéal to strive for a goal/an ideal; les mesures tendent à alléger l'impôt the measures are aimed at reducing taxes;
    2 ( avoir tendance à) tendre à faire to tend to do; la différence tend à s'accentuer the difference tends to become more pronounced.
    E vi
    1 ( s'orienter) tendre vers to strive for; tendre vers la perfection/l'absolu to strive for perfection/the absolute;
    2 ( se rapprocher) tendre vers to approach [valeur, chiffre]; to tend to [zéro, infini].
    F se tendre vpr
    1 ( devenir tendu) [câble, fil, corde] to tighten;
    2 ( devenir conflictuel) [relations, rapports] to become strained.
    I
    [tɑ̃dr] adjectif
    1. [aimant - personne] loving, gentle, tender ; [ - voix] gentle ; [ - yeux] gentle, loving
    [affectueux - lettre] loving, affectionate
    2. [moelleux - viande, légumes] tender
    3. [mou - roche, mine de crayon, métal] soft
    4. (littéraire) [délicat - feuillage, bourgeons] tender, delicate ; [ - herbe] soft
    5. [doux - teinte] soft, delicate
    un tissu rose/vert tendre a soft pink/green material
    6. [jeune] early
    âge tendre, tendre enfance early childhood
    ————————
    [tɑ̃dr] nom masculin et féminin
    II
    [tɑ̃dr] verbe transitif
    1. [étirer - câble, corde de raquette] to tighten, to tauten ; [ - élastique, ressort] to stretch ; [ - corde d'arc] to draw back (separable) ; [ - arc] to bend ; [ - arbalète] to arm ; [ - voile] to stretch, to brace ; [ - peau d'un tambour] to pull, to stretch
    2. [disposer - hamac, fil à linge, tapisserie] to hang ; [ - collet, souricière] to set
    tendre une embuscade ou un piège à quelqu'un to set an ambush ou a trap for somebody
    3. [revêtir - mur] to cover
    4. [allonger - partie du corps]
    tendre le cou to crane ou to stretch one's neck
    elle tendit son front/sa joue à sa mère pour qu'elle l'embrasse she offered her forehead/her cheek for her mother to kiss
    assieds-toi, il y a un fauteuil qui te tend les bras sit down, there's an armchair waiting for you
    vas-y, le poste de directeur te tend les bras go ahead, the director's job is yours for the taking
    tendre la main [pour recevoir quelque chose] to hold out one's hand
    a. [pour dire bonjour] to hold out one's hand to somebody
    c. [pour se réconcilier] to extend a ou the hand of friendship to somebody
    5. [offrir, présenter] to offer
    6. [concentrer]
    ————————
    tendre à verbe plus préposition
    1. [avoir tendance à]
    2. [contribuer à]
    3. [aspirer à]
    4. [arriver à]
    ————————
    tendre vers verbe plus préposition
    1. [viser à]
    tendre vers la perfection to aim at perfection, to strive towards perfection
    2. [approcher de]
    tendre vers zéro/l'infini to tend to zero/infinity
    ————————
    se tendre verbe pronominal intransitif
    1. [courroie, câble] to tighten (up), to become taut, to tauten
    2. [atmosphère, relations] to become strained

    Dictionnaire Français-Anglais > tendre

  • 16 tendance

    c black tendance [tɑ̃dɑ̃s]
    1. feminine noun
       a. ( = inclination) tendency
    • j'aurais tendance à penser que... I'd be inclined to think that...
       b. ( = opinions) leanings
       c. ( = évolution) trend
    c black2. adjective
    ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
    ✎ Le mot anglais se termine par - ency.
    * * *
    tɑ̃dɑ̃s
    1.
    (colloq) adjectif invariable trendy, fashionable. adjectif trendy

    2.
    1) ( propension) tendency
    2) ( orientation) tendency
    3) ( école) trend
    4) ( dynamique) trend

    tendance à la baisse/hausse — downward/upward trend

    * * *
    tɑ̃dɑ̃s
    1. nf
    1) (= inclination) tendency

    avoir tendance à — to have a tendency to, to tend to

    Il a tendance à exagérer. — He has a tendency to exaggerate., He tends to exaggerate.

    2) (= évolution) trend
    3) (= opinions) leanings pl sympathies pl
    2. adj inv
    * * *
    A ○adj inv trendy, fashionable.
    B nf
    1 ( propension) tendency; tendance à la rêverie/à l'étourderie/à l'exagération tendency to daydream/to be absent-minded/to exaggerate; une tendance naturelle/fâcheuse à faire a natural/unfortunate tendency to do; avoir tendance à faire to tend to do, to have a tendency to do; il a tendance à croire/penser que he tends to believe/think that; on a trop tendance à croire que we are too inclined to believe that; le marché a tendance à se stabiliser the market is becoming more stable;
    2 ( orientation) tendency; une coalition de tendance centriste an alliance with centrist tendencies; toutes tendances politiques confondues across party lines;
    3 ( école) trend; les tendances artistiques/littéraires actuelles present-day artistic/literary trends; plusieurs tendances se dessinent several trends emerge; la tendance dominante the dominant trend;
    4 ( dynamique) trend; tendance à la baisse/hausse downward/upward trend; la tendance reste à l'expansion the trend is still toward(s) growth; la tendance s'est inversée or renversée the trend has been reversed; cette tendance se poursuivra l'année prochaine this trend will continue into next year.
    [tɑ̃dɑ̃s] nom féminin
    1. [disposition, propension] tendency
    avoir tendance à to tend to, to have a tendency to
    2. [orientation, évolution - généralement] trend ; [ - d'un créateur] leanings ; [ - d'un livre, d'un discours] drift, tenor
    les nouvelles tendances de l'art/la mode the new trends in art/fashion
    3. [position, opinion] allegiance, leaning, sympathy
    [fraction d'un parti]
    le groupe a décidé, toutes tendances réunies, de voter l'amendement all the factions within the group voted in favour of supporting the amendment
    à quelle tendance appartiens-tu? what are your political leanings?, where do your (political) sympathies lie?
    4. BOURSE & ÉCONOMIE trend
    une tendance baissière ou à la baisse a downward trend, a downswing
    une tendance haussière ou à la hausse an upward trend, an upswing
    5. [résultat d'une étude] trend

    Dictionnaire Français-Anglais > tendance

  • 17 Historical Portugal

       Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.
       A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.
       Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140
       The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."
       In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.
       The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.
       Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385
       Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims in
       Portugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.
       The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.
       Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580
       The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.
       The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.
       What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.
       By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.
       Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.
       The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.
       By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.
       In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.
       Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640
       Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.
       Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.
       On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.
       Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822
       Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.
       Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.
       In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and the
       Church (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.
       Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.
       Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.
       Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910
       During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.
       Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.
       Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.
       Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.
       Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.
       As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.
       First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26
       Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.
       The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.
       Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.
       The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74
       During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."
       Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.
       For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),
       and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.
       The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.
       With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.
       During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.
       The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.
       At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.
       The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.
       Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76
       Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.
       Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.
       In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.
       In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.
       In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.
       The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict until
       UN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.
       Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000
       After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.
       From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.
       Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.
       Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.
       In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.
       In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.
       Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.
       Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.
       The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.
       Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.
       Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).
       All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.
       The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.
       After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.
       Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.
       Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.
       From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.
       Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.
       In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.
       An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Historical Portugal

  • 18 vergüenza

    f.
    1 shame, bashfulness, abashment, embarrassment.
    2 shame, opprobrium.
    3 shameful thing, shame.
    * * *
    1 (deshonor etc) shame, sense of shame
    2 (timidez) bashfulness, shyness; (turbación) embarrassment
    3 (escándalo) disgrace, shame
    1 familiar eufemístico private parts
    \
    caerse la cara de vergüenza figurado to die of embarrassment
    ¡qué vergüenza! it's a disgrace!, how disgraceful!
    ¿no te da vergüenza? aren't you ashamed of yourself?
    no tener vergüenza to be a shameless person, have no shame
    pasar vergüenza (humillación) to be ashamed 2 (turbación) to be embarrassed
    pasar vergüenza ajena to feel embarrassed for somebody
    perder la vergüenza to lose all sense of shame
    ¡qué poca vergüenza! how shameful!
    sacar a alguien a la vergüenza to hold somebody up to shame
    sentir vergüenza to be ashamed
    tener vergüenza de hacer algo to be ashamed to do something
    * * *
    SF
    1) (=azoramiento) embarrassment

    ¡qué vergüenza! — how embarrassing!

    2) (=dignidad) shame, sense of shame

    ¡vergüenza debería darte! — you should be ashamed!, shame on you!

    ¡vaya manera de tratar a tu abuela, qué vergüenza! — what a way to treat your grandmother, you should be ashamed o shame on you!

    ¡qué poca vergüenza tienes! — you've got no shame!, you're utterly shameless

    sacar a algn a la vergüenza — ††(lit) to make a public display of sb; (fig) to hold sb up to shame

    3) (=escándalo) disgrace

    es una vergüenza que esté tan sucio — it's a disgrace o it's disgraceful that it should be so dirty

    * euf (=genitales) privates euf, naughty bits * hum
    * * *
    1) ( turbación) embarrassment

    sentí vergüenza ajena — I felt embarrassed for him/her/them

    2) ( sentido del decoro) (sense of) shame
    3) (escándalo, motivo de oprobio) disgrace

    ser una vergüenza para algo/alguien — to be a disgrace to something/somebody

    ¿perdiste otra vez? qué vergüenza! — (hum) you mean you lost again? shame on you!

    4) vergüenzas femenino plural (euf & hum) ( genitales) privates (pl) (euph & hum)
    * * *
    = shame, embarrassment, self-consciousness, disgrace, bashfulness.
    Ex. It has been to the continuing shame of the library field that his efforts toward eliminating the price-fixing of children's books have received such little note and appreciation.
    Ex. Patrons who are reluctant to seek assistance in using reference books or the card catalog, feel no embarrassment about seeking help in the 'automated' setting.
    Ex. In other cases, straightforward alphabetical arrangement scatters topics within the same facet which could be arranged more helpfully; eg in Psychology we find BF575 Special forms of emotion eg.A5 Anger.A9 Awe.B3 Bashfulness.F2 Fear.H3 Hate.L8 Love. S4 self-consciousness.
    Ex. Distribution of any publication that tends to expose an individual to public contempt, ridicule, or disgrace is forbidden.
    Ex. In other cases, straightforward alphabetical arrangement scatters topics within the same facet which could be arranged more helpfully; eg in Psychology we find BF575 Special forms of emotion eg.A5 Anger.A9 Awe.B3 bashfulness.F2 Fear.H3 Hate.L8 Love. S4 Self-consciousness.
    ----
    * dar vergüenza = feel + shy.
    * hacer a Alguien pasar vergüenza = embarrass.
    * morirse de vergüenza = squirm with + embarrassment.
    * no saber dónde meterse de vergüenza = squirm with + embarrassment.
    * para vergüenza + Pronombre Posesivo = to + Posesivo + shame.
    * ruborizarse de vergüenza = blush with + shame.
    * sentir vergüenza = feel + embarrassed.
    * sentir vergüenza ajena = feel + embarrassed for + Nombre.
    * ser una vergüenza = be a disgrace.
    * sonrojarse de vergüenza = blush with + shame.
    * vergüenza ajena = embarrassing situation.
    * * *
    1) ( turbación) embarrassment

    sentí vergüenza ajena — I felt embarrassed for him/her/them

    2) ( sentido del decoro) (sense of) shame
    3) (escándalo, motivo de oprobio) disgrace

    ser una vergüenza para algo/alguien — to be a disgrace to something/somebody

    ¿perdiste otra vez? qué vergüenza! — (hum) you mean you lost again? shame on you!

    4) vergüenzas femenino plural (euf & hum) ( genitales) privates (pl) (euph & hum)
    * * *
    = shame, embarrassment, self-consciousness, disgrace, bashfulness.

    Ex: It has been to the continuing shame of the library field that his efforts toward eliminating the price-fixing of children's books have received such little note and appreciation.

    Ex: Patrons who are reluctant to seek assistance in using reference books or the card catalog, feel no embarrassment about seeking help in the 'automated' setting.
    Ex: In other cases, straightforward alphabetical arrangement scatters topics within the same facet which could be arranged more helpfully; eg in Psychology we find BF575 Special forms of emotion eg.A5 Anger.A9 Awe.B3 Bashfulness.F2 Fear.H3 Hate.L8 Love. S4 self-consciousness.
    Ex: Distribution of any publication that tends to expose an individual to public contempt, ridicule, or disgrace is forbidden.
    Ex: In other cases, straightforward alphabetical arrangement scatters topics within the same facet which could be arranged more helpfully; eg in Psychology we find BF575 Special forms of emotion eg.A5 Anger.A9 Awe.B3 bashfulness.F2 Fear.H3 Hate.L8 Love. S4 Self-consciousness.
    * dar vergüenza = feel + shy.
    * hacer a Alguien pasar vergüenza = embarrass.
    * morirse de vergüenza = squirm with + embarrassment.
    * no saber dónde meterse de vergüenza = squirm with + embarrassment.
    * para vergüenza + Pronombre Posesivo = to + Posesivo + shame.
    * ruborizarse de vergüenza = blush with + shame.
    * sentir vergüenza = feel + embarrassed.
    * sentir vergüenza ajena = feel + embarrassed for + Nombre.
    * ser una vergüenza = be a disgrace.
    * sonrojarse de vergüenza = blush with + shame.
    * vergüenza ajena = embarrassing situation.

    * * *
    A (turbación) embarrassment
    no lo hagas pasar vergüenza delante de los amigos don't embarrass him in front of his friends
    se puso colorado de vergüenza he blushed with embarrassment
    díselo, que no te dé vergüenza tell him, don't be shy o embarrassed about it
    me da vergüenza pedírselo otra vez I'm embarrassed to ask him again
    ¡este niño me hace pasar una vergüenza …! this child says/does such embarrassing things
    cuando hacen el ridículo así uno siente una vergüenza ajena when they make fools of themselves like that, you feel so embarrassed for them
    B (sentido del decoro) shame, sense of shame
    si tuviera vergüenza, vendría a disculparse if he had any (sense of) shame, he'd come and apologize
    ¡no tienes vergüenza! you should be ashamed of yourself!
    ¡qué falta de vergüenza! or ¡qué poca vergüenza! you should be ashamed of yourself!, have you no shame?
    perder la vergüenza to lose all sense of shame
    C (escándalo, motivo de oprobio) disgrace
    los abogados como él son una vergüenza para la profesión lawyers like him are a disgrace to the profession
    ¡qué vergüenza! ¡comportarse así en público! how disgraceful behaving like that in public!
    estos precios son una vergüenza these prices are shocking o scandalous
    ¿te ganó Miguelito? ¡qué vergüenza! ( hum); you mean you lost to little Miguel? shame on you!
    D vergüenzas fpl ( euf hum) (genitales) privates (pl) ( euph hum), private parts (pl) ( euph)
    * * *

    vergüenza sustantivo femenino
    1 ( turbación) embarrassment;

    me da vergüenza pedírselo otra vez I'm embarrassed to ask him again;
    sentí vergüenza ajena I felt embarrassed for him (o her etc)
    2 ( sentido del decoro) (sense of) shame;

    3 (escándalo, motivo de oprobio) disgrace;
    ◊ ser una vergüenza para algo/algn to be a disgrace to sth/sb;

    estos precios son una vergüenza these prices are outrageous
    vergüenza sustantivo femenino
    1 (pudor, azoramiento) embarrassment
    estaba rojo o colorado de vergüenza, he was red with embarrassment
    me daba vergüenza acercarme a ella, I was embarrassed to go up to her
    2 (dignidad, autoestima) shame: ¡debía darte vergüenza!, shame on you!
    perder la vergüenza, to lose all sense of shame
    3 (causa de indignación, escándalo) disgrace: es una vergüenza para su familia, he's a disgrace to his family
    ♦ Locuciones: sentir vergüenza ajena, to feel embarrassed for sb
    ' vergüenza' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    ajena
    - ajeno
    - apuro
    - bochorno
    - colorada
    - colorado
    - dar
    - deber
    - desvergonzada
    - desvergonzado
    - embarazarse
    - empacho
    - enrojecer
    - llenar
    - morirse
    - ninguna
    - ninguno
    - pudor
    - qué
    - reparo
    - sofoco
    - sombra
    - tierra
    - vergonzosa
    - vergonzoso
    - apenar
    - asorocharse
    - chapa
    - corte
    - deshonra
    - pena
    - plancha
    - tomate
    English:
    bow
    - cringe
    - die
    - disgrace
    - disgraceful
    - embarrassment
    - monstrous
    - ounce
    - scandal
    - self-conscious
    - shame
    - shamefulness
    - shy
    - spare
    - squirm
    - unashamedly
    - ashamed
    - embarrass
    - embarrassed
    - embarrassing
    - mortified
    * * *
    ♦ nf
    1. [deshonra] shame;
    sentir vergüenza to feel ashamed;
    me da vergüenza confesar que… I'm ashamed to admit that…;
    tener poca vergüenza, no tener vergüenza to be shameless;
    ¡eres la vergüenza de la familia! you're a disgrace to your family!
    2. [bochorno] embarrassment;
    dar vergüenza a alguien to embarrass sb;
    me da vergüenza decírtelo I'm embarrassed to tell you;
    ¡qué vergüenza! how embarrassing!;
    sentir o [m5] pasar vergüenza to feel embarrassed;
    ser de vergüenza to be disgraceful o a disgrace;
    el trato que reciben es de vergüenza the way they're treated is disgraceful o a disgrace;
    ese programa da vergüenza ajena that programme is cringe-making o embarrassingly bad;
    el de la vergüenza: ¿quién quiere el de la vergüenza? who wants the last one?
    3. [timidez] bashfulness;
    perder la vergüenza to lose one's inhibitions
    4. [deshonra, escándalo] disgrace;
    ¡es una vergüenza! it's disgraceful!;
    ¡qué vergüenza! what a disgrace!
    ♦ vergüenzas nfpl
    Fam Euf [genitales] private parts, privates
    * * *
    f
    1 shame;
    no sé cómo no se te cae la cara de vergüenza you should be ashamed (of yourself);
    ¿no te da vergüenza? aren’t you ashamed of yourself?;
    no tiene vergüenza he has no shame, he’s shameless
    2 ( escándalo) disgrace;
    es una vergüenza it’s a disgrace
    3
    :
    me da vergüenza I’m embarrassed;
    sentir vergüenza ajena feel embarrassed for s.o.
    4
    :
    vergüenzas pl ( órganos sexuales) private parts
    * * *
    1) : disgrace, shame
    2) : embarrassment
    3) : bashfulness, shyness
    * * *
    ¡qué vergüenza! shame on you!
    2. (bochorno, corte) embarrassment
    3. (escándalo) disgrace

    Spanish-English dictionary > vergüenza

  • 19 guardar

    v.
    1 to keep.
    guarda el vestido en el armario she keeps the dress in the wardrobe
    ¡guarda los juguetes! put your toys away!
    guardo muy buenos recuerdos de mi infancia I have very good memories of my childhood
    Manolo guarda las fotos Manolo keeps the pictures.
    La beata guarda el día santo The pious woman keeps the holy day.
    2 to save.
    guarda un poco de pastel para tu hermano leave o save a bit of cake for your brother
    3 to keep watch over.
    4 to observe (observar) (ley, norma, fiesta).
    guardar cama to stay in bed
    guardar silencio to keep quiet
    guardar las apariencias to keep up appearances
    5 to save (computing).
    6 to put away, to store, to tuck away.
    Ricardo guardó los juguetes Richard put away the toys.
    7 to shut in.
    Ricardo guardó el licor Richard shut the liquor in.
    8 to guard, to watch over.
    La policía guarda el edificio The police guards the building.
    * * *
    1 (cuidar) to keep, watch over, keep an eye on
    2 (conservar) to keep, hold
    3 (la ley) to observe, obey; (un secreto) to keep
    4 (poner en un sitio) to put away
    5 (reservar) to save, keep
    6 (proteger) to protect, save
    ■ ¡Dios salve al rey! God save the King!
    7 INFORMÁTICA to save
    8 guardarse de (precaverse, evitar) to guard against, avoid, be careful not to
    \
    guardar cola to queue up, US wait in line
    guardar conexión con to be connected with
    guardar la derecha to keep to the right
    guardar las formas to be polite
    guardar parecido con to be similar to
    guardar relación con to be related to
    guardar rencor to harbour resentment (a, against)
    guardársela a alguien figurado to have it in for somebody
    * * *
    verb
    2) keep
    •
    * * *
    1. VT
    1) [+ objetos]
    a) (=meter) [en un lugar] to put; [en su sitio] to put away

    si no vas a jugar más, guarda los juguetes — if you're not going to play any more, put the toys away

    b) (=conservar) to keep

    no tira nunca nada, todo lo guarda — he never throws anything away, he hangs on to o keeps everything

    guardar algo para sí — to keep sth for o.s.

    c) (=reservar) to save

    te guardaré un poco de tarta para cuando vengas — I'll save o keep you a bit of cake for when you come

    guárdame un par de entradas — hold o save me a couple of tickets, put aside a couple of tickets for me

    ¿puedes guardarme el sitio en la cola? — can you keep my place in the queue?

    puedo guardarle la habitación solo hasta mañana — I can only keep o hold the room for you till tomorrow

    d) (Inform) [+ archivo] to save
    2) (=mantener) [+ promesa, secreto] to keep; [+ recuerdo] to have

    • guardar el anonimato — to remain anonymous

    • guardar la calma — [en crisis, desastre] to keep calm; [ante una provocación] to remain composed

    • guardar las formas — to keep up appearances

    • guardar la línea — (=mantenerla) to keep one's figure; (=cuidarla) to watch one's figure

    • guardar en secreto — [+ objeto, documento] to keep in secret, keep secretly; [+ actividad, información] to keep secret

    cama 1), silencio 1., 1)
    3) (=tener) [+ relación] to bear; [+ semejanza] to have
    4) (=sentir) [+ rencor] to bear, have; [+ respeto] to have, show

    no le guardo rencor — I have no ill feeling towards him, I bear him no resentment

    5) (=cumplir) [+ ley] to observe
    6) (=cuidar) to guard

    • guardar a algn de algo — to protect sb from sth

    • ¡ Dios guarde a la Reina! — God save the Queen!

    ¡Dios os guarde! — †† may God be with you!

    2.
    VI

    ¡guarda! — Arg, Chile * look out!, watch out!

    3.
    See:
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    1) ( reservar) to save

    guarda esa botella para Navidad — keep o save that bottle for Christmas

    2)
    a) ( poner en un lugar) <juguetes/libros> to put... away
    b) (conservar, mantener en un lugar) to keep
    3) (liter) (defender, proteger)
    4) < secreto> to keep
    5)
    a) (mostrar, manifestar)
    b) <leyes/fiestas> to observe
    2.
    guardarse v pron
    1) ( quedarse con) to keep
    2) ( reservar) to save, keep
    4) ( cuidarse)

    guardarse de + inf — to be careful not to + inf

    * * *
    = file, house, keep, save, store, store away, guard (against), pack up, lodge, stand + guard over, squirrel away, put away, stow, stash, have in + store, pack, stash away, cache.
    Ex. File boxes can be used and filed on shelves, if appropriate, interfiled with the books.
    Ex. The shared systems are run on an IBM 4341 computer housed at BLCMP.
    Ex. Guard book or scrapbook type arrangement, with possibly a loose-leaf format, is suitable for organising and keeping cuttings, letters and other small items.
    Ex. Whenever this code is entered, the system saves the document or list of documents being displayed and displays a summary of the documents saved up to that point.
    Ex. The records in a computer data base are structured in order to suit the information that is being stored for various applications.
    Ex. This chain will not be processed, but will be stored away for later use.
    Ex. The article 'Sealing criminal history records: shall we let the fox guard the henhouse in the name of privacy?' has once again raised the debate on the consequences of allowing press and public to view such data.
    Ex. Unless the distance was short, the books travelled in sheets, unbound, packed up in chests or barrels.
    Ex. The actual report has been lodged at the British Library but has not been published.
    Ex. Librarians are doomed if they are seen by their patrons as standing guard over information and seemingly barring access to it.
    Ex. The more which can be digitized, and the more rapidly, the more which then can be squirreled away into atmospherically-controlled & inexpensive archives.
    Ex. She took all photos, sorted them out, stuffed them into boxes, and put them away in storage.
    Ex. It is a matter of basic safety for everyone on board, before casting off in the morning for that next heavenly anchorage, to see that everything be properly stowed and secured.
    Ex. When I went to the little boys/girls room to relieve myself I was suprised to see the amount of loo rolls stashed in the corner.
    Ex. The killing was committed in the traditional and extremely gruesome way Islam has in store for women accused of adultery: she was stoned to death.
    Ex. After various selection processes, the books are sorted into broad general categories and packed into consignments of up to 5,000 books.
    Ex. Almost everybody we know had their treasures or some of their personal items stashed away in an old cigar box.
    Ex. Previous studies in which squirrels were provisioned with an abundant supply of food found a reduction in the rate of caching.
    ----
    * ¡el Cielo nos guarde! = heaven forbid.
    * acción de guardar documentos = save.
    * ¡el Cielo nos guarde! = God forbid.
    * fiesta de guardar = holiday of obligation.
    * guardar Algo para otra vez = save for + a rainy day.
    * guardar bajo llave = keep under + lock and key.
    * guardar celosamente = guard + zealously.
    * guardar como un tesoro = treasure.
    * guardar con mucho cariño = treasure.
    * guardar correspondencia = bear + correspondence (to).
    * guardar en reserva = keep in + reserve, hold in + reserve.
    * guardar en secreto = keep + confidential, keep + Nombre + under wraps.
    * guardar la compostura = keep + a stiff upper lip.
    * guardar las apariencias = preserve + appearance, keep up + appearances.
    * guardar las formas = keep up + appearances.
    * guardar los resultados de una búsqueda en un fichero = store + search results + in disc file.
    * guardar muchas esperanzas = get + Posesivo + hopes up.
    * guardar paralelismo = have + parallel.
    * guardar relación con = bear + relation to, stand in + relation to, stand in + relationship to, bear + relationship to, be commensurate with.
    * guardar rencor = bear + a grudge, harbour + resentment, carry + a chip on + Posesivo + shoulder.
    * guardar rencor (hacia) = bear + ill will (toward).
    * guardar resentimiento = carry + a chip on + Posesivo + shoulder.
    * guardarse = keep for + Reflexivo, be on guard (against).
    * guardarse Algo para Uno Mismo = keep + Nombre + to + Reflexivo.
    * guardarse de = beware (of/that), be shy of + Gerundio.
    * guardárselas a Alguien = hold + it against.
    * guardar silencio = keep + silent, keep + silence.
    * guardar sorpresas = hold + surprises.
    * guardar una búsqueda en disco = save + Posesivo + search + to disc.
    * guardar una relación directamente proporcional = vary + proportionately.
    * guardar una relación inversamente proporcional = vary + inversely.
    * guardar un secreto = keep + a secret.
    * hacer guardar silencio = shush.
    * no guardar relación con = be incommensurate with.
    * porche para guardar el coche = car port.
    * que guarde relación con = in keeping with.
    * quien guarda, halla = waste not, want not.
    * sin guardar una correlación = uncorrelated.
    * volver a guardar = rehouse [re-house].
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    1) ( reservar) to save

    guarda esa botella para Navidad — keep o save that bottle for Christmas

    2)
    a) ( poner en un lugar) <juguetes/libros> to put... away
    b) (conservar, mantener en un lugar) to keep
    3) (liter) (defender, proteger)
    4) < secreto> to keep
    5)
    a) (mostrar, manifestar)
    b) <leyes/fiestas> to observe
    2.
    guardarse v pron
    1) ( quedarse con) to keep
    2) ( reservar) to save, keep
    4) ( cuidarse)

    guardarse de + inf — to be careful not to + inf

    * * *
    = file, house, keep, save, store, store away, guard (against), pack up, lodge, stand + guard over, squirrel away, put away, stow, stash, have in + store, pack, stash away, cache.

    Ex: File boxes can be used and filed on shelves, if appropriate, interfiled with the books.

    Ex: The shared systems are run on an IBM 4341 computer housed at BLCMP.
    Ex: Guard book or scrapbook type arrangement, with possibly a loose-leaf format, is suitable for organising and keeping cuttings, letters and other small items.
    Ex: Whenever this code is entered, the system saves the document or list of documents being displayed and displays a summary of the documents saved up to that point.
    Ex: The records in a computer data base are structured in order to suit the information that is being stored for various applications.
    Ex: This chain will not be processed, but will be stored away for later use.
    Ex: The article 'Sealing criminal history records: shall we let the fox guard the henhouse in the name of privacy?' has once again raised the debate on the consequences of allowing press and public to view such data.
    Ex: Unless the distance was short, the books travelled in sheets, unbound, packed up in chests or barrels.
    Ex: The actual report has been lodged at the British Library but has not been published.
    Ex: Librarians are doomed if they are seen by their patrons as standing guard over information and seemingly barring access to it.
    Ex: The more which can be digitized, and the more rapidly, the more which then can be squirreled away into atmospherically-controlled & inexpensive archives.
    Ex: She took all photos, sorted them out, stuffed them into boxes, and put them away in storage.
    Ex: It is a matter of basic safety for everyone on board, before casting off in the morning for that next heavenly anchorage, to see that everything be properly stowed and secured.
    Ex: When I went to the little boys/girls room to relieve myself I was suprised to see the amount of loo rolls stashed in the corner.
    Ex: The killing was committed in the traditional and extremely gruesome way Islam has in store for women accused of adultery: she was stoned to death.
    Ex: After various selection processes, the books are sorted into broad general categories and packed into consignments of up to 5,000 books.
    Ex: Almost everybody we know had their treasures or some of their personal items stashed away in an old cigar box.
    Ex: Previous studies in which squirrels were provisioned with an abundant supply of food found a reduction in the rate of caching.
    * ¡el Cielo nos guarde! = heaven forbid.
    * acción de guardar documentos = save.
    * ¡el Cielo nos guarde! = God forbid.
    * fiesta de guardar = holiday of obligation.
    * guardar Algo para otra vez = save for + a rainy day.
    * guardar bajo llave = keep under + lock and key.
    * guardar celosamente = guard + zealously.
    * guardar como un tesoro = treasure.
    * guardar con mucho cariño = treasure.
    * guardar correspondencia = bear + correspondence (to).
    * guardar en reserva = keep in + reserve, hold in + reserve.
    * guardar en secreto = keep + confidential, keep + Nombre + under wraps.
    * guardar la compostura = keep + a stiff upper lip.
    * guardar las apariencias = preserve + appearance, keep up + appearances.
    * guardar las formas = keep up + appearances.
    * guardar los resultados de una búsqueda en un fichero = store + search results + in disc file.
    * guardar muchas esperanzas = get + Posesivo + hopes up.
    * guardar paralelismo = have + parallel.
    * guardar relación con = bear + relation to, stand in + relation to, stand in + relationship to, bear + relationship to, be commensurate with.
    * guardar rencor = bear + a grudge, harbour + resentment, carry + a chip on + Posesivo + shoulder.
    * guardar rencor (hacia) = bear + ill will (toward).
    * guardar resentimiento = carry + a chip on + Posesivo + shoulder.
    * guardarse = keep for + Reflexivo, be on guard (against).
    * guardarse Algo para Uno Mismo = keep + Nombre + to + Reflexivo.
    * guardarse de = beware (of/that), be shy of + Gerundio.
    * guardárselas a Alguien = hold + it against.
    * guardar silencio = keep + silent, keep + silence.
    * guardar sorpresas = hold + surprises.
    * guardar una búsqueda en disco = save + Posesivo + search + to disc.
    * guardar una relación directamente proporcional = vary + proportionately.
    * guardar una relación inversamente proporcional = vary + inversely.
    * guardar un secreto = keep + a secret.
    * hacer guardar silencio = shush.
    * no guardar relación con = be incommensurate with.
    * porche para guardar el coche = car port.
    * que guarde relación con = in keeping with.
    * quien guarda, halla = waste not, want not.
    * sin guardar una correlación = uncorrelated.
    * volver a guardar = rehouse [re-house].

    * * *
    guardar [A1 ]
    vt
    A
    (reservar): guárdale un pedazo de pastel save him a piece of cake
    guarda esa botella para Nochevieja keep o save that bottle for New Year's Eve, put that bottle aside for New Year's Eve
    guárdame un sitio save me a seat, keep me a place
    si pido la excedencia, no me guardan el puesto if I ask for leave of absence, they won't keep o hold my job open for me
    B
    1 (poner en un lugar) to put … away
    guarda los juguetes put your toys away
    los guardé en un sitio seguro I put them (away) in a safe place
    ya he guardado toda la ropa de invierno I've already put away all my winter clothes
    guarda todos los recibos she keeps o ( colloq) hangs on to all her receipts
    2 (conservar, mantener en un lugar) to keep
    guardo los huevos en la nevera I keep the eggs in the fridge
    lo tuvo guardado durante años she kept it for years
    los tengo guardados en el desván I've got them stored away o I've got them in the attic
    siempre guarda las medicinas bajo llave she always keeps the medicines locked away o under lock and key
    los tesoros que guarda el mar ( liter); the treasures which lie hidden beneath the waves ( liter)
    C ( liter)
    (defender, proteger): la muralla que guarda el castillo the walls which defend o protect the castle
    los perros guardaban la entrada a la mansión the dogs were guarding the entrance to the mansion
    Dios guarde al rey ( fr hecha); God save the King
    Dios guarde a Vd muchos años ( frml); ≈ yours respectfully ( frml), may God preserve you ( arch)
    D ‹secreto› to keep
    no le guardo ningún rencor I don't bear a grudge against o feel any resentment toward(s) him
    guardo muy buenos recuerdos de aquel viaje I have very good memories of that trip
    ¡ésta se la guardo! ( fam); I'll remember this!, I won't forget this!
    E
    1
    (mostrar, manifestar): le guardaron el debido respeto he was treated with due respect
    hay que guardar la debida compostura en la Iglesia you must show proper respect when in church
    guardar las apariencias to keep up appearances
    2 ‹leyes/fiestas› to observe fiesta
    A (quedarse con) to keep
    guárdate tus consejos keep your advice to yourself
    B ( enf) (reservar) to save, keep
    C
    (poner en un lugar): se guardó el cheque en el bolsillo he put the check (away) in his pocket
    guárdatelo bien put it somewhere safe o look after it carefully
    D (cuidarse) guardarse DE + INF to be careful not to + INF
    se guardó mucho de mostrarles el documento she was very careful not to show them the document
    ya te guardarás de contar lo que pasó you'd better not tell anyone o you'd better make sure you don't tell anyone what happened
    * * *

     

    guardar ( conjugate guardar) verbo transitivo
    1 ( reservar) to save, keep;
    ◊ guarda algo para después save o keep sth for later

    2
    a) ( poner en un lugar) ‹juguetes/libros› to put … away;


    b) (conservar, mantener) to keep;


    guardar las apariencias to keep up appearances
    c) ‹ secreto› to keep;

    ‹ rencor› to bear, harbor( conjugate harbor);

    guardarse verbo pronominal
    1


    2 ( poner en un lugar):

    guardar verbo transitivo
    1 (preservar) to keep: ¿puedes guardármelo?, can you look after it for me?
    todavía guardo sus cosas, I still keep his things
    2 (un secreto, recuerdo) to keep: guardaron silencio, they remained silent
    guardemos un minuto de silencio, let's observe a minute's silence
    guarden silencio, por favor, be quiet, please
    3 (en un sitio) to put away: guarda las tazas en ese armario, put the cups away in that cupboard
    4 (reservar) to keep
    5 Inform to save
    ♦ Locuciones: guardar cama, to stay in bed
    ' guardar' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    apariencia
    - apartar
    - arca
    - archivar
    - ayuno
    - cama
    - conservar
    - continencia
    - forma
    - recoger
    - rencor
    - reposo
    - reservar
    - rincón
    - secreta
    - secreto
    - callar
    - compostura
    - dejar
    - huevera
    - panera
    - separar
    - silencio
    English:
    aside
    - commensurate
    - cookie jar
    - counsel
    - distance
    - file
    - hold
    - hold against
    - house
    - keep
    - lay up
    - leave out
    - lock away
    - maintain
    - observe
    - pack away
    - pertinent
    - reminiscent
    - retain
    - save
    - secret
    - set aside
    - silent
    - skeleton
    - stay
    - storage space
    - store
    - stow
    - treasure
    - wrap
    - appearance
    - bread
    - cake
    - convenient
    - face
    - guard
    - hang
    - harbor
    - holy
    - leave
    - lock
    - mind
    - put
    - reserve
    - set
    - storage
    * * *
    ♦ vt
    1. [conservar] to keep;
    guarda el vestido en el armario she keeps the dress in the wardrobe;
    esta caja guarda documentos muy antiguos this box contains some very old documents;
    guardo muy buenos recuerdos de mi infancia I have very good memories of my childhood
    2. [poner en su sitio] to put away;
    ¡guarda los juguetes! put your toys away!
    3. [vigilar] to keep watch over;
    [proteger] to guard;
    guarda un rebaño de ovejas he tends a flock of sheep;
    el perro guarda la casa the dog guards the house;
    guarda a tu hijo del peligro keep your child away from danger;
    ¡Dios guarde al rey! God save the King!
    4. [mantener] [secreto, promesa] to keep;
    guardó su palabra she kept her word;
    guardar cama to stay in bed;
    guardar silencio to keep quiet;
    guardar las apariencias to keep up appearances;
    también Fig
    guardar las distancias to keep one's distance
    5. [reservar, ahorrar] to save (a o para alguien for sb);
    ¿me guardas un sitio? will you save a place for me?;
    guarda un poco de pastel para tu hermano leave o save a bit of cake for your brother;
    he guardado parte de la paga para las vacaciones I've put by o saved part of my wages for my Br holidays o US vacation;
    el carnicero siempre me guarda la mejor carne the butcher always saves o keeps the best meat for me
    6. [observar] [ley, norma, fiesta] to observe
    7. Informát to save;
    guardar cambios to save changes
    * * *
    v/t
    1 keep;
    guardar silencio remain silent, keep silent
    2 poner en un lugar put (away)
    3 recuerdo have
    4 apariencias keep up
    5 INFOR save
    6
    :
    guardar cama stay in bed
    * * *
    1) : to guard
    2) : to maintain, to preserve
    3) conservar: to put away
    4) reservar: to save
    5) : to keep (a secret or promise)
    * * *
    1. (en general) to keep [pt. & pp. kept]
    ¿sabes guardar un secreto? can you keep a secret?
    2. (recoger) to put away [pt. & pp. put]
    3. (meter) to put
    4. (reservar) to save / to keep
    ¿me guardas un sitio? will you save me a seat?
    guardar rencor a alguien to bear somebody a grudge [pt. bore; pp. borne]

    Spanish-English dictionary > guardar

  • 20 Neigung

    f
    1. inclination; (geneigte Fläche) slope, incline; Straße: gradient; MATH. dip
    2. fig. (Hang) inclination (zu to, toward[s]), propensity (to, for); (Vorliebe) liking, penchant, predilection (for); WIRTS., POL. tendency, trend (toward[s]); (Veranlagung) disposition (for); bes. zum Negativen: proclivity (for); (Zuneigung) affection (for), love (of); eine Neigung zur Kunst / Philosophie etc. haben have an artistic / a philosophical etc. bent; ein Mensch mit künstlerischen / philosophischen etc. Neigungen auch an artistically / philosophically etc. inclined person; seinen Neigungen nachgeben oder leben follow one’s inclinations; wenig Neigung zeigen zu (+ Inf.) (keine Lust haben) show little inclination to (+ Inf.) er zeigt wenig Neigung dazu (hat kein Talent) he shows little talent in that direction
    * * *
    die Neigung
    (Gefälle) slope; gradient; declination; inclination;
    (Veranlagung) bent; predisposition; proclivity; proneness; disposition;
    (Vorliebe) tendency; inclination; propensity; bias; penchant; warp; trend
    * * *
    Nei|gung ['naigʊŋ]
    f -, -en
    1) (= das Neigen) inclination; (= Gefälle) incline, slope; (ESP RAIL) gradient (Brit), grade (US); (= Schräglage) tilt; (von Schiff) list; (von Magnetnadel) dip; (ASTRON) inclination
    2) (= Tendenz) tendency; (MED = Anfälligkeit) proneness, tendency; (= Hingezogensein, Veranlagung) leaning usu pl; (= Hang, Lust) inclination

    er hat eine Néígung zum Geiz/zum Trinken/zur Kritik — he has a tendency to be mean/to drink/to criticize, he inclines or tends to be mean/to drink/to criticize

    künstlerische/politische Néígungen — artistic/political leanings

    etw aus Néígung tun — to do sth by inclination

    keine/geringe Néígung verspüren, etw zu tun — to have or feel no/little inclination to do sth

    3) (= Zuneigung) affection, fondness

    zu jdm eine Néígung fassen — to take a liking to sb

    jds Néígung erwidern — to return sb's affection

    * * *
    die
    2) (a natural inclination: a bent for mathematics.) bent
    3) (a weight on or in an object (eg a bowl for playing bowls) making it move in a particular direction.) bias
    4) ((especially American) the slope of a railway etc; gradient.) grade
    5) (a slope.) gradient
    6) (a tendency or slight desire to do something: Has he any inclinations towards engineering?; I felt an inclination to hit him.) inclination
    7) ((an act of) bowing (the head etc).) inclination
    8) (a slope.) incline
    10) (a position or direction that is neither level nor upright; an upward or downward slant: The floor is on a slight slope.) slope
    11) (a liking or preference: She has a leaning towards the arts.) leaning
    12) (a taste or fondness (for): He has too great a liking for chocolate.) liking
    13) (a desire for something or to do something: He had a sudden notion to visit his aunt.) notion
    * * *
    Nei·gung
    <-, -en>
    f
    1. (Vorliebe) leaning
    eine \Neigung verspüren, etw zu tun to feel an inclination to do sth
    2. (Zuneigung) affection
    aus \Neigung with affection
    3. (Tendenz) tendency
    du hast eine \Neigung zur Ungeduld you have a tendency to be impatient
    4. (Gefälle) slope
    5. BAU pitch
    * * *
    die; Neigung, Neigungen
    1) o. Pl. (des Kopfes) nod
    2) o. Pl. (Geneigtsein) inclination; (eines Geländes) slope
    3) (Vorliebe) inclination

    seine politischen/künstlerischen Neigungen — his political/artistic leanings

    eine Neigung für etwas — a penchant or fondness for something

    4) o. Pl. (Anfälligsein) tendency
    5) o. Pl. (Lust) inclination
    6) (Liebe) affection; fondness; liking
    * * *
    1. inclination; (geneigte Fläche) slope, incline; Straße: gradient; MATH dip
    2. fig (Hang) inclination (
    zu to, toward[s]), propensity (to, for); (Vorliebe) liking, penchant, predilection (for); WIRTSCH, POL tendency, trend (toward[s]); (Veranlagung) disposition (for); besonders zum Negativen: proclivity (for); (Zuneigung) affection (for), love (of);
    eine Neigung zur Kunst/Philosophie etc
    haben have an artistic/a philosophical etc bent;
    ein Mensch mit künstlerischen/philosophischen etc
    Neigungen auch an artistically/philosophically etc inclined person;
    leben follow one’s inclinations;
    wenig Neigung zeigen zu (+inf) (keine Lust haben) show little inclination to (+inf)
    er zeigt wenig Neigung dazu (hat kein Talent) he shows little talent in that direction
    * * *
    die; Neigung, Neigungen
    1) o. Pl. (des Kopfes) nod
    2) o. Pl. (Geneigtsein) inclination; (eines Geländes) slope
    3) (Vorliebe) inclination

    seine politischen/künstlerischen Neigungen — his political/artistic leanings

    eine Neigung für etwas — a penchant or fondness for something

    4) o. Pl. (Anfälligsein) tendency
    5) o. Pl. (Lust) inclination
    6) (Liebe) affection; fondness; liking
    * * *
    -en (Drang) f.
    affinity n.
    aptitude n.
    aptness n.
    inclination n.
    penchant n.
    predisposition n.
    proclivity n.
    proneness n.
    propensity n.
    tendency n. -en (Gestalt) f.
    dip n.
    gradient n.
    slant n.
    slope n.
    warp n. -en (zu) f.
    liability (to) n. -en f.
    declination n.

    Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > Neigung

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